Better Understanding Of Nature's Nanomachines May Help In Design Of Future Drugs

Many of the drugs and medicines that we rely on today are natural products taken from microbes like bacteria and fungi.

Image Credit: Bukhta Yurii/Shutterstock.com

Within these microbes, the drugs are made by tiny natural machines - mega-enzymes known as nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPSs). A research team led by McGill University has gained a better understanding of the structures of NRPSs and the processes by which they work.

This improved understanding of NRPSs could potentially allow bacteria and fungi to be leveraged for the production of desired new compounds and lead to the creation of new potent antibiotics, immunosuppressants, and other modern drugs.

"NRPSs are really fantastic enzymes that take small molecules like amino acids or other similar-sized building blocks and assemble them into natural, biologically active, potent compounds, many of which are drugs," said Martin Schmeing, Associate Professor in the Department of Biochemistry at McGill University, and corresponding author on the article that was recently published in Nature Chemical Biology.

An NRPS works like a factory assembly line that consists of a series of robotic workstations. Each station has multi-step workflows and moving parts that allow it to add one building block substrate to the growing drug, elongating and modifying it, and then passing it off to the next little workstation, all on the same huge enzyme."

Ultra-intensive light beam allows scientists to see proteins

In their paper featured on the cover of the May 2020 issue of Nature Chemical Biology, the team reports visualizing an NRPS mechanical system by using the CMCF beamline at the Canadian Light Source (CLS).

The CLS is a Canadian national lab that produces the ultra-intense beams of X-rays required to image proteins, as even mega-enzymes are too small to see with any light microscope.

"Scientists have long been excited about the potential of bioengineering NRPSs by identifying the order of building blocks and reorganizing the workstations in the enzyme to create new drugs, but the effort has rarely been successful," said Schmeing.

This is the first time anyone has seen how these enzymes transform keto acids into a building block that can be put into a peptide drug. This helps us understand how the NRPSs can use so very many building blocks to make the many different compounds and therapeutics."