Damage to brain cells causes a chain reaction that impacts 'bystander' neurons

Injury or disease that afflicts a relatively small number of brain cells causes a chain reaction that stops activity across a vast network of neural circuits, according to new research from Oregon Health & Science University.

The findings, published today in the journal Neuron, may help to explain why people can suffer from temporary but severe loss of cognitive function in cases of traumatic brain injury or disease.

"Even the so-called bystander neurons that aren't injured or diseased can sense there's been an injury and radically change their function," said senior author Marc Freeman, Ph.D., director of the Vollum Institute at OHSU. "That means that it's not just the broken neurons that are affected when you have a nervous system injury - it's maybe all of the neurons."

Researchers made the discovery working with the fruit fly Drosophila, which despite its tiny size is a well-established model for neural networks in people. They zeroed in on the axon, the threadlike portion of a nerve cell that transmits signals within the nervous system. To simulate the damage that might occur in a discrete head injury, researchers snipped a small number of axons in a larger bundle.

They found that the relatively small injury rippled out beyond the severed axons, suppressing sensory signals among neurons that weren't directly damaged at all.

"A small injury can cause the whole nerve to shut down," Freeman said.

The study attributed this response to glial cells, the abundant but oftentimes overlooked supporting cell within the brain.

Glial cells are the watch dogs of nervous system health. Our work suggests that even when there's a relatively small injury to some neurons, they can run out like Paul Revere and shut everything down."

Marc Freeman, PhD, Study Senior Author, Director of the Vollum Institute, Oregon Health & Science University

From an evolutionary perspective, Freeman theorizes that this bystander effect may help to conserve energy in large swaths of the nervous system following disease or injury. Bystander neurons then effectively revive once it becomes clear that they are uninjured.

"Our best guess is that it allows the nervous system to pause after an injury," he said. "It enables cells to assess their status and, if they're not healthy, activate programs to destroy themselves. If they're healthy, they recover."