Decoding Virus-Host Tug-of-War with RNA-Protein Interaction Mapping

The interplay between ribonucleic acid (RNA) and proteins is not only important for maintaining cellular homeostasis but is also at the center of the tug-of-war between virus and host. Until now, there has been no method to globally map direct interactions of individual RNA regions in an unbiased fashion without the need for genetic modification of the target RNA or cell. Researchers from the Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI) in Würzburg and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard in the US have now developed a breakthrough tool that overcomes this limitation. Their findings were recently published in the journal Nucleic Acids Research.

When RNA viruses, including the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, infect our cells, they utilize regulatory RNA elements to recruit proteins of virus and host in order to execute their own gene expression program and enable the production of viral progeny. Understanding the interactions of viral RNAs and the regulatory elements therein is therefore the first step towards identifying vulnerabilities in the viral replication process and facilitating the rational design of novel antivirals.

The Method

Researchers from the Helmholtz Institute for RNA-based Infection Research (HIRI) in Würzburg, in collaboration with the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard in the US, have recently developed a new method that, for the first time, enables the discovery of interactions for specific regions within a target RNA molecule. Using mass spectrometry, the technique, named SHIFTR, allows the unbiased and comprehensive mapping of proteins that interact with a specific RNA sequence-;in living cells and without genetic modification.

"Until now, it has not been possible to study the interplay between proteins and individual RNA regions in live cells without genetic manipulation, for instance, by adding tag sequences to the target RNA. Our method, called SHIFTR, finally delivers this and is easy to execute, too. Beyond region-resolution, SHIFTR also requires orders of magnitudes fewer input material compared to the state-of-the-art, is highly scalable and cost-effective," explains Mathias Munschauer, who leads a research group at the Helmholtz Institute Würzburg, a site of the Braunschweig Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI) in cooperation with the Julius-Maximilians-Universität (JMU) Würzburg.

"With this new tool we can determine the interactions for practically every cellular RNA and every regulatory element within these RNAs," says Jens Aydin, a PhD student in Mathias Munschauer's research group and the first author of the study in Nucleic Acids Research.

This can fundamentally change the way we look at RNA in the cell-;a crucial milestone."

Mathias Munschauer, Helmholtz Institute Würzburg

SARS-CoV-2 in Focus

Using the new method, the research team was able to shed further light on the replication process of SARS-CoV-2. The scientists separately examined different sequence regions within authentic SARS-CoV-2 RNAs produced during infection and were able to interrogate the 5' and 3' terminal regions of the viral RNA for the first time. These regions are known to contain untranslated regulatory elements that control protein synthesis and RNA stability, as well as the replication of the viral genome. In addition to known interactors, they uncovered previously unknown interactions with proteins linked to the biogenesis of viral RNAs. Some of these newly discovered interactions could serve as targets for innovative antiviral therapies.

In the future, SHIFTR can be harnessed to better understand how cellular transcriptomes, the entirety of RNA molecules in a cell, are regulated in health and disease, which may uncover novel regulatory interdependencies and drug targets. Moreover, researchers can also use the SHIFTR platform to characterize how RNA-based therapeutics interface with the regulatory machinery of the target cell, which could inspire efforts to design optimized RNA-based drugs, such as mRNA vaccines.